Education in Russia: The evolution of theory and practice

This article investigates the relationships between the evolution of Russian social psychology and the transformations of the modes of education in Russia. Social psychology is a science born the last century and also a status of the social conscience of people, forged historically on the basis of proper cultural artifacts. In Russia education is mainly the process of human development and, like wherever, it is the institution of knowledge transmission. We show on the case of Russian history that the scientifically proven educational practice can contribute enriching development of social conscience after ideological and economic shocks.analysis of education ; cultural economics ; Russia

A Probabilistic Approach to Classifying Supernovae Using Photometric Information

This paper presents a novel method for determining the probability that a supernova candidate belongs to a known supernova type (such as Ia, Ibc, IIL, \emph{etc.}), using its photometric information alone. It is validated with Monte Carlo, and both space- and ground- based data. We examine the application of the method to well-sampled as well as poorly sampled supernova light curves and investigate to what extent the best currently available supernova models can be used for typing supernova candidates. Central to the method is the assumption that a supernova candidate belongs to a group of objects that can be modeled; we therefore discuss possible ways of removing anomalous or less well understood events from the sample. This method is particularly advantageous for analyses where the purity of the supernova sample is of the essence, or for those where it is important to know the number of the supernova candidates of a certain type (\emph{e.g.}, in supernova rate studies).Comment: Version accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journa

LEGAL CONSULTING IN INTERNET FORUMS: TRANSFORMATION OF LEGAL DISCOURSE IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE

Artykuł powstał w oparciu o analizę kilku forów internetowych, na których udziela się internautom porad prawniczych. Autorka skoncentrowała się na anlizie dyskursu i przekształceniach typowego dyskursu prawniczego w dyskurs typowy dla jezyka potocznego. W artykule zwraca się uwagę na osobę nadawcy i odbiorcy komunikatu i problem subiektywności i konkretyzacji dyskursu. Autorka w opraciu o przeprowadzone badania podaje przykłady subiektywizacji i konkretyzacji dyskursu.В статье рассматриваются основные приемы трансформации юридического дискурса в личностно ориентированном общении, или способы «перевода» юридического дискурса на язык повседневности. Автор связывает эти приемы с особенностями повседневного мышления и с типичными свойствами адресанта и адресата. Исследование выполнено на материале текстов интернет-форумов. Выявлены два вектора, направляющие адаптацию юридического дискурса к ситуациям повседневной жизни, - субъективизация и конкретизация. Субъективизация проявляется в таких приемах, как актуализация «я-темы» и «ты-темы»; замена юридических терминов, номенклатурных наименований и книжных оборотов субстандартными эквивалентами; использование оценочных слов и выражений по отношению к ситуациям и отдельным их сторонам. Конкретизация воплощается в «психологизации» юридических лиц и в описательных номинациях юридических лиц через пространственные указатели.The author having examined the contents of several internet-forums tackles major means of legal discourse transformation in inter-personal communication, linking them with the peculiarities of mundane thinking and with characteristics of the categories “the addresser” and “the addressee”. Two basic vectors: subjectivity and concretization are regarded as most important in the adaptation of legal discourse for the demands of everyday life. Subjectivity is revealed in the presentation of a “me-focus” and “you-focus”, in the substitution of legal and special terms, bookish phrases by their substandard equivalents, as well as the usage of words with evaluative connotations to describe situations both in the whole and in the particular. Concretization is revealed in ascribing personal features to legal bodies and in the descriptive nominations of legal bodies by the means of spatial indexes

Estonian word prosody on the Procrustean bed of morae

The paper analyses existing moraic conceptions of Estonian quantity. Main features of functional, generative and phonetically-instructed moraic accounts of Estonian are considered. In most generative accounts, morae simultaneously represent several layers of functionally and structurally diverse information. This brings along a considerable increase in formal analytical machinery and internal controversies. In a structural functional framework, morae can be used to formalise the prosodic contrast of long and short stressed syllables in Estonian. Its relevance is seen in actual functioning of the prosodic system. This contrast is built upon the segmental contrast of short and long phonemes and, in turn, serves as a basis for the contrast of two distinctive foot accents, light and heavy. As an example, a formal morphonological algorithm of calculating Estonian foot accents, which also shows the place of the syllable weight contrast, is proposed

Eva Liina A s u, P\ue4rtel L i p p u s, Karl P a j u s a l u, Pire T e r a s, Eesti keele h\ue4\ue4ldus, Tartu: Tartu clikooli Kirjastus, 2016 (Eesti keele varamu II). 288 pp.

Review on a manual on Estonian phonetics meant for Estonian university student

Education in Russia: The evolution of theory and practice

This article investigates the relationships between the evolution of Russian social psychology and the transformations of the modes of education in Russia. Social psychology is a science born the last century and also a status of the social conscience of people, forged historically on the basis of proper cultural artifacts. In Russia education is mainly the process of human development and, like wherever, it is the institution of knowledge transmission. We show on the case of Russian history that the scientifically proven educational practice can contribute enriching development of social conscience after ideological and economic shocks.Cet article a été rédigé pour la conférence internationale intitulée "Russie en Europe". Il est le deuxième volet de nos analyses de l'éducation en Russie. Le premier volet a été réservé à l'examen de co-évolution de l'éducation et de l'économie et à l'information sur les changements dans le système éducatif depuis la libéralisation de l'économie. Ici nous nous intéressons aux relations entre l'évolution de la psychologie sociale russe et les transformations des modes d'éduquer en Russie. La psychologie sociale est une science née au siècle dernier et aussi un état de la conscience sociale d'un peuple, forgée historiquement sur la base les artefacts culturels propres. Nous montrons que les ruptures dans la consciences sociale, liées aux chocs idéologiques et économiques, concernent l'éducation et rehaussent son rôle dans les périodes historiques de sortie de crises

Phonetic Realisation and Phonemic Categorisation of the Final Reduced Corner Vowels in the Finnic Languages of Ingria

Individual variability in sound change was explored at three stages of final vowel reduction and loss in the endangered Finnic varieties of Ingria (subdialects of Ingrian, Votic and Ingrian Finnish). The correlation between the realisation of reduced vowels and their phonemic categorisation by speakers was studied. The correlated results showed that if V was pronounced > 70%, its starting loss was not yet perceived, apart from certain frequent elements, but after > 70% loss, V was not perceived any more. A split of 50/50 between V and loss in production correlated with the same split in categorisation. At the beginning of a sound change, production is, therefore, more innovative, but after reanalysis, categorisation becomes more innovative and leads the change. The vowel a was the most innovative in terms of loss, u/o were the most conservative, and i was in the middle, while consonantal palatalisation was more salient than labialisation. These differences are based on acoustics, articulation and perception